Randomized Controlled Trial of Self-Directed Care for Medically Uninsured Adults With Serious Mental Illness.

OBJECTIVE: Self-directed care (SDC) is a treatment model in which recipients self-manage funds designated for provision of services. The model is designed to cost no more than traditional services while achieving superior participant outcomes. The authors examined the model's impact on outcomes, service costs, and user satisfaction among medically uninsured, low-income individuals with serious mental illness. METHODS: Adults in the public mental health system (N=42) were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive SDC or services as usual and were assessed at baseline and 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Outcomes included perceived competence for mental health self-management, met and unmet needs, degree of autonomy support, self-perceived recovery, and employment. Mixed-effects random regression analysis tested for differences in longitudinal changes in outcomes between the two study conditions. Differences in service costs were analyzed with negative binomial regression models. RESULTS: Compared with individuals in the control condition, SDC participants reported greater improvement in perceived competence, met and unmet needs, autonomy support, recovery from symptom domination, and employment. No differences were found between the two groups in total per-person service costs or costs for individual services. The most frequent nontraditional purchases were for medical, dental, and vision services (33%) and health and wellness supports (33%). Satisfaction with SDC services was high. CONCLUSIONS: Mental health SDC services achieved participant outcomes superior to treatment as usual, with equivalent service use and costs and high user satisfaction. This model may be well suited to the needs of uninsured adults with low income who receive public behavioral health care.

The importance of employment to workers with preexisting behavioral health disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the employment experiences of people with preexisting behavioral health conditions during the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, despite the recognized importance of work for this group. METHOD: Two hundred and seventy two adults with behavioral health conditions, recruited through statewide mental health networks in NJ and NY, completed an online survey in April-May 2020. Multivariable analysis examined the effects of sleep and dietary changes, COVID-19 exposure, anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2), and depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-2) on employment status and job changes. Respondents' open-ended descriptions of pandemic-related changes in employment were analyzed using the constant comparative method. RESULTS: Two-thirds (65%) were employed, only 4% became unemployed, and 29% reported changes in their jobs as a result of the pandemic. In logistic regression analysis controlling for age, race, education and gender, workers were more likely than nonworkers to report altered eating and sleeping habits, but not greater anxiety or depression. However, those whose jobs changed were more likely to report COVID-19 exposure, altered sleep patterns, clinically significant anxiety symptoms, and both anxiety and depressive symptoms compared to those whose jobs had not changed. Qualitative analysis revealed work's positive impact (pride in job performance, using new skills, feeling safer working from home) and its negative effects (lifestyle disruption, worry about job security, isolation from coworkers). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This is the first study to suggest the important role that work played for people with preexisting behavioral health disorders during the pandemic, with both positive and negative influences, and important implications for services and supports. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Factors associated with 30-day readmissions following medical hospitalizations among Medicaid beneficiaries with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder.

While evidence suggests that adults with serious mental illness have an elevated rate of 30-day readmissions after medical hospitalizations, most studies are of patients who are privately insured or Medicare beneficiaries, and little is known about the differential experiences of people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. We used the Truven Health Analytics MarketScan® Medicaid Multi-State Database to study 43,817 Medicaid enrollees from 11 states, age 18-64, who were discharged from medical hospitalizations in 2011. Our outcome was unplanned all-cause readmissions within 30 days of discharge. In a multivariable analysis, compared to those with no SMI, people with schizophrenia had the highest odds of 30-day readmission (aOR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.33-1.59), followed by those with bipolar disorder (aOR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.14-1.38), and those with major depressive disorder (aOR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.06-1.30). Readmissions also were more likely among those with substance use disorders, males, those with Medicaid eligibility due to disability, patients with longer index hospitalizations, and those with 2 or more medical co-morbidities. This is the first large-scale study to demonstrate the elevated risk of hospital readmission among low-income, working-age adults with schizophrenia. Given their greater psychological, social, and economic vulnerability, our findings can be used to design transition interventions and service delivery systems that address their complex needs.

The transition from acute to persistent pain: the identification of distinct trajectories among women presenting to an emergency department.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and other negative psychosocial factors have been implicated in the transition from acute to persistent pain. Women (N = 375) who presented to an inner-city emergency department (ED) with complaints of acute pain were followed up for 3 months. They completed a comprehensive battery of questionnaires at an initial visit and provided ratings of pain intensity at the site of pain presented in the ED during 3 monthly phone calls. Latent class growth analyses were used to detect possible trajectories of change in pain intensity from the initial visit to 3 months later. A 3-trajectory solution was found, which identified 3 groups of participants. One group (early recovery; n = 93) had recovered to virtually no pain by the initial visit, whereas a second group (delayed recovery; n = 120) recovered to no pain only after 1 month. A third group (no recovery; n = 162) still reported elevated pain at 3 months after the ED visit. The no recovery group reported significantly greater PTSD symptoms, anger, sleep disturbance, and lower social support at the initial visit than both the early recovery and delayed recovery groups. Results suggest that women with high levels of PTSD symptoms, anger, sleep disturbance, and low social support who experience an acute pain episode serious enough to prompt an ED visit may maintain elevated pain at this pain site for at least 3 months. Such an array of factors may place women at an increased risk of developing persistent pain following acute pain.

Social support, social undermining, and acute clinical pain in women: Mediational pathways of negative cognitive appraisal and emotion.

Women may be disproportionately vulnerable to acute pain, potentially due to their social landscape. We examined whether positive and negative social processes (social support and social undermining) are associated with acute pain and if the processes are linked to pain via negative cognitive appraisal and emotion (pain catastrophizing, hyperarousal, anger). Psychosocial variables were assessed in inner-city women (N = 375) presenting to an Emergency Department with acute pain. The latent cognitive-emotion variable fully mediated social undermining and support effects on pain, with undermining showing greater impact. Pain may be alleviated by limiting negative social interactions, mitigating risks of alternative pharmacological interventions.

Race-related differences in acute pain complaints among inner-city women: the role of socioeconomic status.

Previous research has shown that African Americans (AA) report higher pain intensity and pain interference than other racial/ethnic groups as well as greater levels of other risk factors related to worse pain outcomes, including PTSD symptoms, pain catastrophizing, and sleep disturbance. Within a Conservation of Resources theory framework, we tested the hypothesis that socioeconomic status (SES) factors (i.e., income, education, employment, perception of income meeting basic needs) largely account for these racial/ethnic differences. Participants were 435 women [AA, 59.1%; Hispanic/Latina (HL), 25.3%; Non-Hispanic/White (NHW), 15.6%] who presented to an Emergency Department (ED) with an acute pain-related complaint. Data were extracted from psychosocial questionnaires completed at the participants' baseline interview. Structural equation modeling was used to examine whether racial/ethnic differences in pain intensity and pain interference were mediated by PTSD symptoms, pain catastrophizing, sleep quality, and sleep duration, and whether these mediation pathways were, in turn, accounted for by SES factors. Results indicated that SES factors accounted for the mediation relationships linking AA race to pain intensity via PTSD symptoms and the mediation relationships linking AA race to pain interference via PTSD symptoms, pain catastrophizing, and sleep quality. Results suggested that observed racial/ethnic differences in AA women's pain intensity, pain interference, and common risk factors for elevated pain may be largely due to racial/ethnic differences in SES. These findings highlight the role of social inequality in persistent health disparities facing inner-city, AA women.

Race, psychosocial vulnerability and social support differences in inner-city women's symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Inner-city Black women may be more susceptible to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than White women, although mechanisms underlying this association are unclear. Living in urban neighborhoods distinguished by higher chronic stress may contribute to racial differences in women's cognitive, affective, and social vulnerabilities, leading to greater trauma-related distress including PTSD. Yet social support could buffer the negative effects of psychosocial vulnerabilities on women's health. METHODS/DESIGN: Mediation and moderated mediation models were tested with 371 inner-city women, including psychosocial vulnerability (i.e., catastrophizing, anger, social undermining) mediating the pathway between race and PTSD, and social support moderating psychosocial vulnerability and PTSD. RESULTS: Despite comparable rates of trauma, Black women reported higher vulnerability and PTSD symptoms, and lower support compared to White Hispanic and non-Hispanic women. Psychosocial vulnerability mediated the pathway between race and PTSD, and social support moderated vulnerability, reducing negative effects on PTSD. When examining associations by race, the moderation effect remained significant for Black women only. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether these psychosocial vulnerabilities represent one potential mechanism explaining Black women's greater risk of PTSD, although cumulative psychosocial vulnerability may be buffered by social support. Despite higher support, inner-city White women's psychosocial vulnerability may actually outweigh support's benefits for reducing trauma-related distress.

PTSD Symptoms and Acute Pain in the Emergency Department: The Roles of Vulnerability and Resilience Factors Among Low-income, Inner-city Women.

BACKGROUND: Given high levels of traumatic stress for low-income, inner-city women, investigating the link between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and pain is especially important. PURPOSE: Using the conservation of resources theory, we investigated direct and indirect relationships of PTSD symptoms, vulnerability factors (ie, resource loss, depressive symptoms, and social undermining), and resilience factors (ie, optimism, engagement, and social support) to acute pain reports in a sample of low-income, inner-city women. METHODS: Participants (N=341; mean age=28 y; 58.0% African American) were recruited from an inner-city Emergency Department following presentation with acute pain. Study data were gathered from psychosocial questionnaires completed at a baseline interview. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling examined direct and indirect relationships among PTSD symptoms, vulnerability factors, and resilience factors on self-reported pain intensity and pain interference. PTSD symptoms were directly related to higher pain intensity and pain interference and indirectly related through positive associations with vulnerability factors (all Ps<0.05). Pathways through resilience factors were not supported. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that presence of PTSD symptoms is associated with elevated acute pain responses both indirectly via psychosocial vulnerability factors and directly, independent of the psychosocial factors assessed. Resilience factors did not play a significant role in determining acute pain responses. Consistent with conservation of resources theory, the negative effects of vulnerability factors outweighed the positive effects of resilience factors.

Instrument Adaptation, Modification, and Validation for Cultural Beliefs About Colorectal Cancer Screening Among Korean Americans.

BACKGROUND: Studies on colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among Korean Americans (KAs) lack culturally sensitive, reliable, and validated belief scales. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to adapt, modify, and validate instruments measuring cultural beliefs (physical space, health temporal orientation, personal control, colon cancer fatalism, and health fatalism) about CRC screening in KAs. METHODS: In phase I, instrument adaptation and modification (translation from English into Korean, individual interviews using cognitive interviewing, and expert reviews) were used to make existing cultural beliefs instruments culturally appropriate for KAs. In phase II, instrument validation (pilot test and cross-sectional survey) was used to examine the psychometric properties of the instrument among 202 KAs. RESULTS: Construct validity and reliability of the final Korean version of the instruments were examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and internal consistency reliability. Exploratory factor analysis using all of the cultural beliefs items resulted in 5 factors accounting for 46.55% of the variance. Factor loadings were greater than 0.40 for most items to be added to the scales reflecting Korean cultural perspectives. Cronbach's αs for all the cultural beliefs subscales were greater than .70. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study show that KAs have unique cultural beliefs that should be reflected in the instruments used for CRC screening research with this population. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The revised instrument could be useful in accurately measuring cultural beliefs among KAs and in developing culturally sensitive interventions to increase CRC screening behaviors among KAs.

The Effects of Sexual Orientation on the Relationship Between Victimization Experiences and Smoking Status Among US Women.

Introduction: This study examined the relationships between experiences of childhood and adulthood victimization and current smoking among heterosexual and sexual minority women. The main hypothesis was that victimization experiences would predict current smoking status. Further, we hypothesized that the effect of childhood victimization on self-reported smoker status would be mediated by adult victimization. Methods: Data are from two studies conducted in the United States that used similar methods and questionnaires in order to conduct a comparative analysis of women based on sexual orientation. Data from Wave 1 (2000-2001) of the Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women (CHLEW) study and from Wave 5 (2001) of the National Study of Health and Life Experiences of Women (NSHLEW) study were used in these analyses. Results: Twenty-eight percent of the sample reported current smoking. Victimization experiences were common, with 63.4% of participants reporting at least one type of victimization in childhood and 40.2% reporting at least one type in adulthood. Women who identified as heterosexual were less likely to be victimized during childhood than were women who identified as lesbian or bisexual. Adult victimization had a significant effect on current smoker status, and the effect of childhood victimization on smoker status was mediated by adult victimization. When examined by sexual orientation, this indirect relationship remained significant only among bisexual women in the sample. Conclusions: Study findings make a valuable contribution to the literature on victimization and health risk behaviors such as smoking. Given the negative and long-term impact of victimization on women, strategies are needed that reduce the likelihood of victimization and subsequent engagement in health risk behaviors such as smoking. Implications: The study findings make a valuable contribution to the literature on sexual minority women's health on the influence of victimization on health risk behaviors. With the goal of reducing the likelihood of adult victimization and subsequent engagement in health risk behaviors, programs and policies aimed at preventing victimization of women are warranted. Providers and community health agencies should assess and target physically and sexually abused sexual minority youth for mental health intervention with the goal of interrupting the progression from childhood victimization to adult victimization and subsequent engagement in health risk behaviors.

Demographic, Healthcare, and Contextual Factors Associated with Smoking Status Among Sexual Minority Women.

PURPOSE: The study purpose was to examine demographic, healthcare, and contextual correlates of smoking among sexual minority women (SMW). METHODS: Data were from the Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women study (2010-2012, N = 726). RESULTS: The rate of current smoking was 29.6%, with 29.5% and 40.9% former or nonsmokers, respectively. A history of ever smoking was associated with lower educational levels, having a partner who smokes, heavy drinking, illicit drug use, and a bisexual identity. Statistically significant correlates of former versus current smoker included higher education, having a nonsmoking partner, being from the newest recruited cohort, and less illicit drug use. A past-year quit attempt among current smokers was associated with higher levels of illicit drug use, longer time until first cigarette, and being from the original cohort. CONCLUSION: The study results highlight key correlates of smoking behaviors among SMW and make an important contribution to the literature on smoking disparities. Additional research is needed to inform smoking cessation prevention and control efforts to reduce known and persistent smoking disparities among SMW.

Validating a Hazardous Drinking Index in a Sample of Sexual Minority Women: Reliability, Validity, and Predictive Accuracy.

BACKGROUND: Although sexual minority women (SMW) are at increased risk of hazardous drinking (HD), efforts to validate HD measures have yet to focus on this population. OBJECTIVES: Validation of a 13-item Hazardous Drinking Index (HDI) in a large sample of SMW. METHODS: Data were from 700 adult SMW (age 18-82) enrolled in the Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women study. Criterion measures included counts of depressive symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, average daily and 30-day ethanol consumption, risky sexual behavior, and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) measures of alcohol abuse/dependence. Analyses included assessment of internal consistency, construction of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to predict alcohol abuse/dependence, and correlations between HDI and criterion measures. We compared the psychometric properties (diagnostic accuracy and correlates of hazardous drinking) of the HDI to the commonly used CAGE instrument. RESULTS: KR-20 reliability for the HDI was 0.80, compared to 0.74 for the CAGE. Predictive accuracy, as measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for alcohol abuse/dependence, was HDI: 0.89; CAGE: 0.84. The HDI evidenced the best predictive efficacy and tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity. Results supported the concurrent validity of the HDI measure. CONCLUSIONS: The Hazardous Drinking Index is a reliable and valid measure of hazardous drinking for sexual minority women.

Racial/ethnic differences in unmet needs for mental health and substance use treatment in a community-based sample of sexual minority women.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To examine the unmet needs for mental health and substance use treatment among a diverse sample of sexual minority women (lesbian, bisexual). BACKGROUND: Sexual minority women are more likely than heterosexual women to report depression and hazardous drinking. However, relatively little is known about sexual minority women's use of mental health or substance use treatment services, particularly about whether use varies by race/ethnicity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of existing data. METHODS: Analyses included data from 699 Latina, African American and white sexual minority women interviewed in wave 3 of the 17-year Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women study. Using logistic regression, we examined the associations among sexual identity, race/ethnicity, use of mental health and substance use treatment, as well as potential unmet need for treatment. RESULTS: Overall, women in the study reported high levels of depression and alcohol dependence, and these varied by sexual identity and race/ethnicity. Use of mental health and substance use treatment also varied by race/ethnicity, as did potential unmet need for both mental health and substance use treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings that suggest although use of treatment among sexual minority women is high overall, there is a potentially sizable unmet need for mental health and substance use treatment that varies by race/ethnicity, with Latina women showing the greatest unmet need for treatment. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Nurses and other healthcare providers should be aware of the high rates of depression and hazardous drinking among sexual minority women, understand the factors that may increase the risk of these conditions among sexual minority women, the potentially high unmet need for mental health and substance use treatment - perhaps particularly among Latina women and be equipped to provide culturally sensitive care or refer to appropriate treatment services as needed.

Rates and Predictors of Obesity Among African American Sexual Minority Women.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to examine rates of and risk factors for obesity in a community sample of African American sexual minority women (SMW). METHODS: Data were collected using self-administered paper-and-pencil survey questionnaires (n = 219). RESULTS: Participants were primarily middle aged (M = 40.1; standard deviation [SD] = 10.5 years), well educated (56.9% with a college education and above), insured (82.3%), and had a median income range from $30,000 to $39,999. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the sample was 31.6 (SD = 8.0). Based on BMI scores, over half of the participants were identified as obese (53.9%) and 25.6% were overweight. A number of comorbid illnesses were reported that could be exacerbated by excess weight, including arthritis (21.3%), adult-onset diabetes (4.9%), back problems (23.2%), high cholesterol (15.3%), high blood pressure (19.2%), and heart disease (12%). Multiple risk factors for obesity were observed, including infrequent exercise (<3 times/week = 50.9%), low levels of fruit/vegetable consumption (≤1 serving daily = 39.9%), and frequent consumption of red meat (≥3 times/week = 21.2%). Psychosocial risk factors were also reported, including "eating in response to stress" (46.0%). Depression scores predicted eating in response to stress. One-third of the sample reported interest in weight management interventions. CONCLUSIONS: African American SMW report high rates of obesity, chronic health conditions exacerbated by weight, and health and dietary behaviors that increase risk for weight-related health disparities. These study findings have implications for additional research and intervention development.

Longitudinal Associations among Discordant Sexual Orientation Dimensions and Hazardous Drinking in a Cohort of Sexual Minority Women.

We examined differences between sexual minority women's (SMW's) sexual identity and sexual behavior or sexual attraction as potential contributors to hazardous drinking across a 10-year period. Data are from a longitudinal study examining drinking and drinking-related problems in a diverse, community-based sample of self-identified SMW (Wave 1: n = 447; Wave 2: n = 384; Wave 3: n = 354). Longitudinal cross-lagged models showed that SMW who report higher levels of identity-behavior or identity-attraction discordance may be at greater risk of concurrent and subsequent hazardous drinking. Results of multigroup models suggest that sexual orientation discordance is a more potent risk factor for risky drinking outcomes among SMW in older adulthood than in younger adulthood. Findings support that discordance between sexual orientation dimensions may contribute to hazardous drinking among SMW and provide evidence that cognitive-behavioral consistency is important for individuals expressing diverse and fluid sexual identities, attraction, and behavior.

Coming out in color: racial/ethnic differences in the relationship between level of sexual identity disclosure and depression among lesbians.

Disclosing one's sexual minority identity, or "coming out," has varying effects on the mental health of lesbians. Previous research indicates a negative association between disclosure and depression. However, these findings are based on research with White lesbians. To date, there is a paucity of studies that examined how the relationship between disclosure and depression may differ by race/ethnicity among lesbians. To address this gap, we examined the relationship between disclosure and depression among African American (26.5%), Latina (19.7%), and White (53.8%) self-identified lesbians (N = 351) in 2 survey-interviews (∼ 3-years apart). Over 50% of the participants reported a history of lifetime depression at baseline and 35.9% reported depression at Time 2 (T2). Disclosure levels varied: 78.9% had disclosed to their mother, 58.4% to their father, and 83.3% to a sibling. The mean level for disclosure to nonfamily individuals was 6.29 (SD 2.64; range 0-9). Disclosure results varied by race/ethnicity showing African American lesbians (vs. White lesbians) were less likely to disclose to nonfamily individuals when controlling for covariates. Results for the relationship between disclosure and depression showed disclosure to either parent or sibling was not associated with depression for the total sample. Among Latinas only, disclosure to nonfamily individuals was associated with less depression. Additional research is needed to explore racial/ethnic differences in disclosure with certain individuals and to better understand the relation between disclosure and depression. Findings have implications for reducing overall rates of depression among lesbians living with multiple-minority identities.

Predictors and Consequences of Negative Patient-Provider Interactions Among a Sample of African American Sexual Minority Women.

PURPOSE: Using Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Services Utilization, we examined the associations between negative experience in a health care setting and subsequent reductions in health care utilization among African American sexual minority women (SMW). METHODS: The data were collected as part of a larger study exploring health and health care experiences of a volunteer sample of African American SMW (n=226). We examined predisposing, enabling, and need factors as predictors of a negative experience and changes in health care utilization. RESULTS: More than one-third of the sample reported a negative health care experience in the past 5-years. One fourth of those reporting a negative experience attributed it to discrimination including race/ethnicity (70.4%), gender (58.2%), and sexual orientation (46.2%). (The categories were not mutually exclusive). Reduction in health care utilization (i.e., didn't see a doctor next time when they were ill) following the negative experience was common (34%). Predisposing (younger age), enabling (lack of insurance, part-time employment, and no regular provider), and need factors (living with a chronic illness) predicted experiencing a negative event. In multivariate analysis, health care factors (quality of health care, negative experience due to discrimination) and patient factors (passive coping response) were factors associated with reduced health care utilization. CONCLUSION: Problems in the patient-provider relationship were a significant factor in decreasing healthcare use among SMW. Anderson's model helped to inform our understanding of who might be at risk of experiencing a negative experience but not subsequent changes in health care utilization. Modifiable variables related to the health care environment and patient coping responses predicted changes in health care use.

The influence of acculturation on substance use behaviors among Latina sexual minority women: the mediating role of discrimination.

BACKGROUND: A large body of work has demonstrated that sexual minority women have elevated rates of substance use morbidity, as compared with heterosexual women, and that this might be especially true for women of color. OBJECTIVES: This study examines the influence of acculturation and discrimination on substance use among Latina sexual minority women. METHODS: Data were collected from 2007 to 2008 as part of a larger community-based survey in the greater Chicago area. Scales measured discrimination, acculturation, and substance use. Structural equation modeling validated scales and examined their relationships, which were further described via mediation analysis. RESULTS: Increased acculturation leads to substance use and this relationship is partially mediated by discrimination (Sobel test = 2.10; p < .05). CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE: Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed. Funding was provided by several women's and public health organizations.

Mental health and suicidality among racially/ethnically diverse sexual minority youths.

OBJECTIVES: We examined the relationships among sexual minority status, sex, and mental health and suicidality, in a racially/ethnically diverse sample of adolescents. METHODS: Using pooled data from 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys within 14 jurisdictions, we used hierarchical linear modeling to examine 6 mental health outcomes across 6 racial/ethnic groups, intersecting with sexual minority status and sex. Based on an omnibus measure of sexual minority status, there were 6245 sexual minority adolescents in the current study. The total sample was n = 72,691. RESULTS: Compared with heterosexual peers, sexual minorities reported higher odds of feeling sad; suicidal ideation, planning and attempts; suicide attempt treated by a doctor or nurse, and self-harm. Among sexual minorities, compared with White youths, Asian and Black youths had lower odds of many outcomes, whereas American Native/Pacific Islander, Latino, and Multiracial youths had higher odds. CONCLUSIONS: Although in general, sexual minority youths were at heightened risk for suicidal outcomes, risk varied based on sex and on race/ethnicity. More research is needed to better understand the manner in which sex and race/ethnicity intersect among sexual minorities to influence risk and protective factors, and ultimately, mental health outcomes.

A longitudinal study of the correlates of persistent smoking among sexual minority women.

INTRODUCTION: We conducted a longitudinal evaluation of factors associated with persistent smoking behaviors among sexual minority women (SMW; lesbians and bisexual women). METHODS: Structured interview data were collected as part of a larger longitudinal study of SMW's health: the Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women study. We conducted multivariate analyses to evaluate the influence of 4 groups of predictor variables on smoking: (a) demographic, (b) childhood victimization, (c) other substance use, and (d) health variables. RESULTS: At Wave 1, 30.9% (n = 138) of participants reported current smoking, with substance-use and demographic factors having the strongest relationships to smoking status. The majority (84.9%) of Wave 1 smokers were also smoking at Wave 2. Among demographic variables, level of education was inversely associated with continued smoking. With respect to substance use, hazardous drinking and cocaine/heroin use were significantly associated with continued smoking. None of the victimization or health variables predicted smoking status. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with previous studies, smoking rates in this sample of SMW were elevated. Despite intensive efforts to reduce smoking in the general population, 84% of SMW smokers continued smoking from Wave 1 to Wave 2. Findings suggest that the majority of SMW will continue to smoke over time. Additional research is needed to increase motivation and access to smoking cessation resources.